The Catatumbo region of Colombia, bordering Venezuela, has long been a focal point of conflict and competition among armed groups, often overlooked by the broader narrative of Colombia’s struggles. This volatile territory, rich in resources yet plagued by poverty, represents not just local struggles but also a complicated interplay of international interests involving the U.S., which seeks to assert influence in the region amid changing political dynamics. As Colombia navigates peace discussions with groups like the National Liberation Army (ELN), the potential for renewed violence raises questions about the efficacy of foreign interventions and the quest for sovereignty.
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Catatumbo, Colombia – The Catatumbo region, which stretches along the border with Venezuela in the Norte de Santander department, represents one of Colombia’s most complex and historically tumultuous areas. Rich in natural resources, including oil and coca crops, the region has faced profound neglect and poverty, becoming a battleground for various armed groups vying for territorial control. This ongoing dynamic reveals a landscape shaped by violence, yet it remains populated by resilient communities striving for peace and stability.
At the forefront of this conflict is the National Liberation Army (ELN), Colombia’s largest remaining guerrilla group, which maintains a substantial presence in the area, exploiting its porous border with Venezuela. An Al Jazeera reporting team recently met with ELN fighters in the region, highlighting the challenges they face amid ongoing conflicts and government negotiations.
Tensions escalated in January when fighting between the ELN and dissident factions of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) led to the displacement of thousands, underscoring the enduring instability. At the heart of this struggle is control over territory and access to the border, which facilitates the movement of illegal drugs, significantly impacting Colombia’s socio-economic fabric.
Upon entering Catatumbo, the ELN’s dominance is palpable. The absence of official military forces is striking, with ELN flags adorning the landscape as a testament to their control. The group’s message is clear: “Total peace is a failure,” a sentiment reflecting the frustrations with the peace process initiated by President Gustavo Petro, who promised a comprehensive plan to address Colombia’s armed conflicts.
However, the peace negotiations with the ELN have faced setbacks due to the violence and instability in the region. While officials have paused discussions, there is now a commitment to revisit talks, indicating a potential glimmer of hope amidst despair.
In a clandestine meeting held in the mountains, Al Jazeera encountered Commander Ricardo and Commander Silvana of the ELN. Despite operating under the threat of attack and surveillance, Commander Ricardo expressed cautious optimism regarding peace efforts, recalling the group’s long-standing pursuit of a political resolution. Although the government estimates around 3,000 fighters within the ELN, these numbers may not capture the full strength of their presence.
The international dimension of the conflict is accentuated by the U.S. military’s operations against alleged drug trafficking vessels in the region. U.S. policies, particularly under the Trump administration, have redefined armed groups as “narco-terrorists,” intensifying the conflict’s complexity. Recent military actions have resulted in casualties from Colombia and Venezuela alike, further straining relations among these nations.
Commander Ricardo criticized U.S. interventions, emphasizing that the ELN’s struggle includes the fight against external imperialism. The assertion that any U.S. aggression towards Venezuela would prompt widespread resistance reflects broader sentiments in Latin America against perceived foreign encroachments.
As Colombia’s government reevaluates its relationship with the United States, President Petro has raised concerns about U.S. military policies in the region, which, he argues, fail to address the contemporary realities faced by Colombian society. The dynamics of this conflict continue to evolve, with many observers closely monitoring how local actors will respond to any potential U.S. military escalation.
Amidst this backdrop of uncertainty and ongoing negotiations, the situation in Catatumbo exemplifies the intricate tapestry of Colombia’s struggles for peace, justice, and autonomy—a narrative that transcends borders and requires careful consideration by local and international stakeholders alike.
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